蛋白质质谱(MS)分析通过测量离子的质荷比,识别和定量分析简单和复杂混合物中的分子。MS 在很多领域和应用(包括蛋白组学)具有不可或缺的作用。最近二十年,高通量和定量 MS 蛋白组工作流程的发展扩展了我们在蛋白结构、功能、修饰和全基因组蛋白动力学领域的视野。本文概述了质谱在蛋白组学中的作用,回顾了质谱的方法及仪器,并涉及了一些在 MS 分析之前进行样本准备及利用液相色谱进行分离方面的知识。
高分子电离方法发展,包括电喷雾电离(ESI)和大气压化学电离(APCI),促成了 MS 法蛋白质结构研究。 离子化还允许科学家们取得蛋白质质量 "指纹" ,可以将它们与数据库中的蛋白质和肽类进行匹配,从而帮助识别未知的靶标。最新的同位素标记方法更可支持对靶蛋白进行相对和绝对定量。上述技术进步共同催生出了一系列可成功分析固态、液态或气态样品的方法。质谱技术目前的灵敏度让人们可以在 attomolar 范围(10-18)内对分析物进行检测。
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可提供关于特定离子的额外信息。在这种方法中,受关注的不同离子在第一轮 MS 期间处于四极滤质器中(基于其 m/z ),并按照若干不同的解离方法进行裂解。其中一种方法是使用一束惰性气体对其进行碰撞,这被称为碰撞诱导的解离(CID)或更高能碰撞解离(HCD)。其它离子解离的方法包括电子转移解离(ETD)和电子捕获解离(ECD)。
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相对定量 策略包括在细胞培养中使用氨基酸进行稳定同位素标记(SILAC)和串联质谱标记(TMT)。在这些方法中,蛋白和肽段被稳定同位素标记,从而获得不同于未标记分析物的独特质量变化。这一质量不同可以被 MS 检测并给出一个未标记分析物与标记分析物水平的比值。这些方法经常使用在以发现为目的的蛋白质组学中,使用不同大小的标记可以在很大的检测范围内找到很多蛋白。
所有样本在进行 MS 研究之前都需要进行一定形式的准备以便去除去垢剂以及降低样本的复杂性,从而专注于特定蛋白和/或标签蛋白以进行鉴定或定量。正确的样本制备对于 MS 分析十分关键,因为样本提取和制备的质量和可重复性显著影响从 MS 设备获得的结果。样本制备需要用到很多技术,包括裂解物制备、蛋白或肽段富集,以及样本纯化和蛋白消化。
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